物理教授，软件公司都要照顾。这对华人直接碾压。大家怎么看？ More than 30 tech companies made a commitment to the White House on Wednesday to track and set workforce diversity goals. The pledge by companies to make their workforce more representatives of the public was signed by a number of high-profile companies including Airbnb, Box, GitHub, GoDaddy, Intel, Lyft, Medium, Pinterest, Spotify, Zynga and others. The companies pledged to set specific diversity and hiring goals, and also to publish the data openly. They further vowed to "invest in partnerships" to increase the pipeline for tech talent. "With the eyes of the world on Silicon Valley, today the Obama Administration is announcing new commitments to advance inclusive entrepreneurship and innovation here at home," the White House said in a statement. While "Tech Inclusive Pledge" sets a general goal to make companies "fully representative" of the U.S. public, it allows companies to set their own pace. The pledge appears less rigorous and specific that commitments that the Congressional Black Caucus has tried to pressure companies into signing. The tech community broadly has a poor track record at diversity. According to statistics offered by the group running the pledge, 9 percent of tech workers are black or Hispanic. That number is only 1 percent among venture capitalists. The vast majority of patents are also filed by men. The White House has used its bully pulpit to press the industry in the past. Last year, it got 10 companies to agree to consider diverse candidates when it is looking for new senior executives. The pledge was wrapped into a broader slate of tech-focused initiatives the administration rolled out on Wednesday ahead of President Obama's talk at the Global Entrepreneurship Summit in Silicon Valley on Friday. pledge letter https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/images/Blog/Tech- Inclusion-Pledge-Letter-6-22-16.pdf
NN现在有一场知识产权官司。官司伊始，有的甚至说有人抄自己的是好事，要是我就给人家抄。像彼岸网的LAO律师甚至说“有能力的人对这些网络上创造的东西并不是很看中，如果真的是时间上资源上付出的创造也不会轻易在网上公布。”这都是一些没有版权意识的说法，而且对别人维护自己的劳动成果而打官司是一种取笑的态度。任何事都应该有一定的是非观念，即使认为和为贵，也应该在承认侵犯他人劳动成果不对的情况下进行。我们来美国这么多年的网友，不应该在认识水准上是这样。其实从这些官司中，我们可以学到很多知识，比如，美国言论自由的界限、 名人诽谤的简易判决相关规定，法官退出的条款，法官违规后怎么办。联邦和州法系统的不同等等。下面介绍一下知识产权的相关知识： 知识产权（intellectual property）是一个西方文明的概念，这也是西方文明在发明创造方面大大领先中国文明的原因之一。知识产权不是自然存在的，而是成文法的产物 (creature of statute)。今天我们都知道软件是受版权（copyright)保护的。这个版权也是软件行业得以存在的基础。否则，像微软、苹果、甲骨文等软件公司很难存在；即使是名义上有版权保护，如果没有有力的法律手段，软件行业也很难发展。 软件行业诞生于美国，但最初软件是没有版权的。软件版权的确立得归功于乔布斯的苹果公司 1983 年的一场诉讼。 1977年美国加州硅谷的乔布斯推出了苹果II型个人电脑。该电脑的硬件当然是各硬件公司生产，乔布斯理论上只是组装。苹果II革命性的地方在于其操作系统，包括良好的用户界面。这与今天的 iPhone 也差不多，最关键的是其 iOS 软件，硬件都是从各厂家订购、组装。 很快地市场上出现了苹果II的山寨版，其中一个是 Franklin Ace 1000。后者的系统软件完全是苹果机软件的拷贝。乔布斯于是在美国联邦区法院起诉 Franklin 公司侵权。后者承认是拷贝了苹果II的系统，但是认为软件可执行代码不存在版权保护。理由是，系统软件是二进制目标代码、不是人可读的，属于功能性的，没有版权 （之前的案例认为，软件的源代码受版权保护，这一点是没有异议的）。 区法院考虑了双方的辩论之后，赞成被告的观点。根据之前的一些案例，联邦区法院认为“object code in ROM is not copyright protected" （目标代码不受版权保护），在这个问题上，美国国会也没有说法。因此法院倾向于认为软件程序的可执行二进制代码不受版权保护。 乔布斯不服，于是上诉到第三巡回法院。上诉法院经过分析认为，软件属于“文字作品” (literary works)，无论是源代码，还是人不可读的二进制目标代码（可执行程序）均受版权保护。相关案例参见 Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp., 714 F. 2d 1240。同时该判决也认为操作系统软件也同样受版权保护。法院的理由是，“文字作品”可以是数字以及符号的序列，而软件满足这个定义 （The definition of "literary works" in section 101 includes expression not only in words but also "numbers, or other ... numerical symbols or indicia", thereby expanding the common usage of "literary works." ... Thus a computer program, whether in object code or source code, is a "literary work" and is protected from unauthorized copying, whether from its object or source code version.
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